Cracking the code: the world of crosswords

There is a common misperception that the 'quick' crossword is easier than the cryptic crossword. Yet a moment's reflection should be sufficient to dispel this myth. The so-called 'quick' crossword – which is perhaps better referred to as 'straight' – is neither quick nor easy. The fact that people believe it is simply suggests that they have been lucky.

Cryptic crossword, by Terry Freedman

This type of crossword relies on two things for its completion: a knowledge of synonyms, and mind-reading. While it is true, as someone put it, that there are no synonyms in English, there are certainly enough near-synonyms to choose from when it comes to crosswords.

Take, for instance, this clue:

Achieved (3)

What answer is the compiler looking for? Won? Got? Did? Any of these is possible. Indeed, a colleague told me in 1979 that a man he'd met in the pub the night before was having trouble getting the very last clue of his (straight) crossword. It transpired that the reason for the impasse was that, incredibly, answers to all the other clues were wrong.

This could almost certainly never happen with a cryptic crossword because each clue consists of two parts rather than one: the definition of the answer, which is equivalent to the clue in the quick crossword, and a secondary indicator which tells you how to arrive at the answer. You just have to understand the strange mangling of the English language that comprises the crossword code. As the compiler Afrit put it:

"You need not mean what you say, but you must say what you mean."

Let's take a few examples. First:

Egyptian flower (4)

You might be wondering, what kind of flower grows in Egypt? A Rose? An Iris? And in so doing you would get precisely nowhere. But think of flower as rhyming with lower, you realize it is something which flows, ie a river, and you deduce the answer immediately: Nile.

Having mentioned the word 'lower', perhaps we might try this:

A little lower on the farm (4)

If you start thinking in terms of height, you may as well abandon all hope. Just as a flower in the first clue referred to something that flows, so a lower in this clue refers to something that lows, ie a cow or a bull. Clearly, a little lower is a calf.

Before we leave this farm, consider this:

Farm butter (4)

As you may have surmised, a butter in 'crosswordese' is something which butts – in this case a goat.

These are examples of the compiler deliberately setting out to draw you into making a false assumption, from which point it is all downhill unless and until you can step back and realise that is exactly what you've done.

Other clues have more obvious indicators. For example, "all over the place" or "disconcerted" would indicate an anagram:

Such an event would disconcert astronomers (2,4,5)

The word "disconcerted" indicates that the answer is an anagram of "astronomers". The answer is: No more stars.

Other indicators include:

Detailed – meaning the end of the word has been cut off ie de-tailed.

Beheaded – the first letter of the word has been chopped off.

Midnight – that is, the middle of the word "night", ie "g".

Finally, crossword compilers have a great sense of humour. Some years ago the Daily Telegraph crossword featured the following clue:

What an incompetent deep sea diver must do to get rid of an irritation? (4,2,2,7)

(A question mark at the end of the clue, by the way, indicates a mangling of the language that will cause the solver to groan.)

The answer? Come up to scratch.

It has been said that the job of the cryptic crossword compiler is to lose the battle gracefully. The 'battle' is one of wits between the compiler and the solver, and there is little that is more pleasurable than solving a really good clue. 

Except, of course, solving the whole puzzle.

Mind your Language -- 4: Cryptic Crosswords

If, like me, you have a love of language, you should explore the strange world of the cryptic crossword. Unlike the plain crossword, the cryptic variety requires more than providing a synonym for a word or phrase. Rather, it involves working out what the clue is getting at.

That sounds much more difficult than the task facing you in an ordinary crossword, doesn't it? In fact, much of the time it's easier, for one simple reason. In a plain crossword, you either know the answer or you don't. With a cryptic one, on the other hand, you have a chance of working the answer out from the clue. Indeed, on many occasions I have worked out the answer to be a word that I've never heard of, which means, of course, that I'd never have got the answer in a plain crossword setting.

Let me give you an example. Let's suppose the word to be entered into the grid is candle. In a normal crossword, the clue might be something like:

Type of illumination (6) (The number represents the number of letters in the answer.)

In the hands of the cryptic cruciverbalist, however, the clue might read something like this:

It is wicked, but it gives light (6).

What's that you say? Wicked? What's good and bad got to do with it? Well actually, nothing, but before explaining why, I should deconstruct the sentence.

Like most cryptic clues, this consists of two parts: a definition, ie the meaning of the word or phrase that is the answer, and an indication of how to work the answer out. In this case, the definition is "it gives light". In other words, the answer is an object which gives light, so it could be a torch, candle, flare, sun, moon, neon light and so on. The indication part of the clue, though, helps us narrow it down by informing us that the object we're looking for is wicked, ie it has a wick.

That's a classic trick of the cryptic crossword clue: you mustn't take anything at face value! Here, the correct pronunciation of the word is not wick-ed but wick'd. Makes perfect sense, right?

Other examples include "flower", pronounced floe-er, ie something that flows, ie a river. Thus "Egyptian flower (4)" is not asking for the name of a plant, but the name of a river, ie the Nile.

Perhaps an even worse example of this stretching the rules of language to their limit is the word "banker". That's not someone who works in the City or on Wall Street, but something that has banks, ie a river.

What do you understand by the word "detailed"? Well you're wrong. In the land of the cryptic crossword, "detailed" means having had its tail remove. That would usually mean that the end of the word has been removed.

So it won't surprise you to learn that "beheaded" means having had the first letter of the word removed.

Anagrams are indicated by a word or phrase which suggests the letters have been jumbled up: "all over the place"; "agitated"; "confused" and so on.

What makes the cryptic crossword especially challenging is that the clue makes sense in itself. That often leads the solver to make certain assumptions, and thereby to be led completely up the garden path. And the answer will often make you groan out loud, such as a clue I saw recently in the Daily Telegraph, which was something like:

"Is this the central part of our education system? (6,6)"

(A question mark usually indicates that there has been a complete mangling of the meaning of a word or phrase.)

The answer was "Middle School".

It's this sort of challenge and playfulness which makes cryptic crosswords fun to do.

My favourite crossword clue of all time appeared in the Daily Telegraph about 30 years ago. It read something like:

"What an incompetent deep sea diver must do to get rid of an irritation? (4,2,2,7)"

The answer? Come up to scratch.

To find out more about cryptic crosswords, follow the links below. You might also like to read this book, which interweaves crossword clues with the story:

Pretty Girl in Crimson Rose (8): A Memoir of Love, Exile and Crosswords

The title is itself a cryptic crossword clue: "pretty girl" is "belle"; "crimson" is "red". Those are the clues provided for the definition, which is "rose" -- but not the flower, but the act of revolting against a a ruler. Hence the answer is "Rebelled", because you have to place the word "belle" (pretty girl) inside the word "red" (crimson).

This nicely illustrates the point I made earlier, about the clue making sense but thereby leading you in completely the wrong direction. When you read the sentence "Pretty girl in crimson rose", you are almost bound to conjure up a mental picture of an attractive young lady wearing a dress of a crimson rose colour. Completely wrong!

Have fun!

See also Mind Your Language --3.

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